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  The Role of laity : its theological foundation and application in the Batak Karo Seventh-day Adventist Church : a case study

  (Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, 1995-05) Peranginangin, Joseph Syukur

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  The role of laity, its biblical background, and current relevance is addressed in this study from a Batak Karo perspective. The story of the case illustrates that the laymen in the Karo chuch have refrained from participation in church ministry. The main pastoral-theological issue in the case is a misunderstanding of the role of the laity and clergy in the Seventh-day Adventist Batak Karo church which has resulted in a lack of lay involvement and an unproductive church. The purpose of the study is (1) to provide a better understanding of a theology of laity for the church members and pastors, and an awareness of their role in church ministry, and (2) help the laity to discover their own spiritual gifts and practice their gifts to strengthen the church ministry. The study involves the following procedures: (1) description, (2) analysis, (3) biblical theological interpretation, and (4) pastoral action. In the first chapter of part I, the case study relates the story of a young pastor in a Batak Karo church in North Sumatra who became aware that the members of his church had no interest in church ministry. An introduction to the study follows in chapter 2 presenting a statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, its methodology and significance. Part II presents three chapters devoted to probing the sociocultural, and religious dynamics of the case. The chapters provide a historical background of the Karo people, their characteristics, and how the adat (customs) have influenced their daily lives. Insights are offered as to how Karo people have been influenced by their ancestral religion, by Christianity, and by Islam. To understand their background is to provide the pastor with motivitional methods to engage them voluntarily in gospel work. Part III discusses in three chapters the pastoral-theological issue in the case story through a biblical-theological intepretation. The Scriptures reveal that God has only one kind of people: the laos (the laity) or the people of God. The New Testatment makes no distinction between the clergy and the laity except for function. All the laity are ministers, as agents of salvation to carry the gospel to the world. Part IV describes the findings of the study with a summary, conclusions, and applications to ministry. The laity can be motivated if they are given a clear understanding of a biblical-based concept of laity, a realization of their responsibility, and training to work for God.

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  Role of nursing director as perceived by administrators and their subordinates in five selected hospitals in West Java, Indonesia

  (Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, 1995-09) Panjaitan, Reliana H.

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  The job of the Director of Nursing (DON) is not standardized and is thus subject to many interpretations. The roles of the DON if not well defined may be misunderstood by the nursing staff. The DON performs multiple and complex roles and it is difficult to do all of these things at the same time. There must be a priority of roles of the DON. This study was conducted to define the relative importance of five roles of the DON and to determine the difference in perception of nursing administrators and their subordinates regarding the importance of the director's roles. This information should be valuable in guiding the DON's priority activities, in designing job descriptions of the DON, and for promoting leadership development of professional nursing students and leadership trainees. A tool developed for this study contained a demographic section and a 50-item Likert scale. The scale items were clustered into five subscales (Planning, Directing, Controlling, Developing, and Representing) based on a modification of Tappen's Theory (1989). Face validity and reliability were established on the tool- (total scale coefficient alpha was .89, with each subscale > .70). Subjects rated each scale item on a 6-point Likert scale for importance from very important (5) to no importance (1) and a zero point meaning I don't know. A random sample of 150 selected professional nurses from five hospitals located in west Java, Indonesia, completed the tool. Seven null hypotheses were used to answer six research questions. One research question without a null hypothesis was answered based on the highest and lowest rated items to determine the relative importance of the roles and various activities of the DON. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and t test to determine whether the hospital, years of service in the institution, position, and years of holding specific position affected perceptions on importance on the total scale score or subscales. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare perceptions of nursing administrators and supervisors to that of head nurses and staff nurses on the 50-item scale. Major conclusions were that the most important roles of the DON were Planning and Developing. Items rated as high in importance in the Planning subscale were budgeting, strategic planning, standard of patient care, and setting hospital strategic plan. Most highly rated items in the Developing subscale had to do with promoting management and professional growth of the nursing staff. The least important roles of the DON were Controlling and Representing. Items rated relatively low in importance in the controlling subscale were in evaluation of facilities, processes, and activities of nurses; and giving feedback and rewards. Items rated relatively low in importance for the Representing subscale were liason activities and conflict management. Nursing administrators and supervisors tended to rate items higher than did head nurses and staff nurses. Nurses have fairly high level of agreement about the roles of the DON across hospitals, position, years of service in present employment, and years in present position. Major recommendations for practice were to give advanced leadership training to nurses who are in or have just accepted an administrative level of management.

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